International students enjoy access to a wealth of opportunities while studying in the United States. Strong academic programs may receive the bulk of the attention, but students have the chance to learn valuable lessons outside of the classroom as well.
Working on or off campus can be a valuable aspect of the international student experience, offering opportunities for networking and practical skill development. Gaining real-world work experience may help students build confidence as they prepare for the global workforce.
Unfortunately, challenges also exist. All students seeking work are tasked with finding openings, submitting resumes, and completing interviews — but for international students, this is only the beginning. Beyond this, international students must navigate the complexities of their visas, which may greatly limit their employment prospects.
This is certainly not a reason to give up on employment altogether, but it may call for extra support. Thankfully, many colleges provide just that, helping international students understand their visas and navigate employment challenges. Keep reading to learn more about jobs for international students in the USA (and what it takes to secure these jobs).
Employment Eligibility for International Students in the U.S.
First things first: It is important to clarify that most international students are eligible for employment. Restrictions exist, however, because student visas maintain a strong focus on academic achievement. Thus, work restrictions help ensure college coursework remains a priority.
If international students abide by key restrictions, they may benefit greatly from working — on a part-time basis — while also enrolled in college programs. Below, we cover the basics of student visas, along with the various employment restrictions they impose.
Key Visa Types and Employment Restrictions
Well over 100 types of visas exist, but only a few are relevant to international students:
- F-1 – As the most commonly held visa among international students, the F-1 visa allows students to reside in the U.S. for a specific period of time and, most importantly, while enrolled in accredited college programs. While F-1 students cannot work off campus in their first year of college, they are permitted to work on campus and may eventually secure off-campus employment if approved.
- J-1 – Preferred for students participating in work and study-based exchange programs, the J-1 visa aims to support the sharing of knowledge and cultural practices, especially in areas such as education or the arts. This visa is available to not only select college students but also teachers, professors, or visitors intent on traveling, observing, or demonstrating specialized knowledge or skills. With this unique visa, employment largely depends on the purpose of the exchange program. Some categories allow for robust work opportunities, although students with J-1 visas hold similar limitations to their F-1 counterparts.
- M-1 – Students enrolled in vocational programs may opt for the M-1 visa, which, in many respects, looks similar to the previously described F-1 visa. With the M-1, though, the type of institution matters; these students enroll in strictly skill-based training programs, such as flight school, cosmetology school, or culinary school. Plus, employment conditions can be stringent. On-campus employment is not permitted, but practical training opportunities may be available upon completing vocational programs.
Because the majority of international students studying in the U.S. obtain their F-1 visa, this will be the primary focus of this guide to jobs for international students.
International students should remember the importance of maintaining their F-1 status and always seek approval from the DSO before engaging in any form of employment, as this is crucial for compliance with visa regulations.
Navigating the F-1 Visa Employment Opportunities
Although employment is by no means the main focus of the F-1 visa, it remains well within reach for most international students. However, prior to searching for jobs, it is essential to understand which restrictions have been established for this visa, as this could have a dramatic impact on which jobs are available as well as influence the application process.
Along the way, F-1 students can expect to seek guidance and approval from resources such as Designated School Officials (DSOs) and the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). In addition, students may look to on-campus resources such as the Office of International Admissions for support.
Exploring On-Campus Employment Options
On-campus employment can be an excellent option for international students. These positions often involve extensive interactions with the campus community, helping students feel more connected while promoting valuable soft skills like communication and teamwork. For international students, on-campus jobs are also appealing because they align with F-1 visa regulations, allowing them to work without the need for additional authorization during their first year.
How to Find On-Campus Jobs
While on-campus jobs tend to be easier to find than those off campus, it is still crucial to leverage campus resources and personal connections, as some jobs may be far more appealing than others. Campus-based job boards often provide the best insight into on-campus opportunities, though networking and word of mouth may also be helpful.
When searching for on-campus jobs, be mindful of how these relate to your long-term career goals. While valuable skills may be gained through many types of positions, some opportunities may be preferable for networking or for enhancing technical or niche skills. For example, those enrolled in artistic programs could benefit from working as student art assistants, while those who aspire to one day work in marketing could learn a great deal by seeking on-campus social media positions.
Keep in mind that some jobs are technically referred to as on-campus, even if they involve physical locations away from the campus environment. These are known as “educationally affiliated off-campus location[s],” of which Immigration and Customers Enforcement (ICE) highlights a common example: research labs affiliated with the college in question.
Regulations and Limitations for On-Campus Work
Although on-campus work tends to pose fewer complications than off-campus positions, there are still several limitations worth considering. Chief among them is restrictions on the number of hours worked. For F-1 students, on-campus work is limited to 20 hours per week while school is in session — or 40 hours per week when school is not in session.
Delving Into Off-Campus Employment Possibilities
There is much to appreciate about on-campus employment, but some students may be drawn to off-campus positions. Often, the main perk involves close alignment with specific fields or niches, although some off-campus jobs also promise excellent pay and other perks.
The downside? Off-campus employers may not be as mindful of restrictions or may not offer practical guidance for international students. For first-year students, off-campus jobs are simply not permitted. Fortunately, many enjoy access through pathways such as OPT and CPT.
Optional Practical Training (OPT) Explained
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is available to many international students with F-1 visas. This benefit encourages students to gain practical experience by taking advantage of job opportunities related to their field of choice. Categories include:
- Pre-completion OPT – Available to students who have been enrolled full-time for a full academic year, pre-completion OPT is limited to students who are actively involved in their college programs. As with on-campus employment, pre-completion OPT makes it possible for eligible students to work up to 20 hours per week while school is in session (or up to 40 hours per week if school is no longer in session).
- Post-completion OPT – Not all jobs for international students are limited to those enrolled in college. Following graduation, international students may continue with post-completion OPT for up to 12 months (though some STEM graduates may qualify for considerable extensions). This could be an excellent opportunity for expanding on skills or knowledge gained through traditional coursework — and for gaining a strong foothold in the workforce. Better yet, this acts as an excellent bridge toward long-term work authorizations, such as the H-1B visa.
However, it is worth noting that students can apply for OPT after being enrolled for at least 9 months, but cannot begin employment until they have been enrolled for at least a year and have received their Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
Curricular Practical Training (CPT) Opportunities
Curricular Practical Training (CPT) looks a lot like OPT but is limited to pre-graduation work experiences. Meant to provide access to jobs that complement on-campus classwork, this program places a greater emphasis on academic integration, which is more loosely defined for OPT. In fact, CPT is purposefully built into the curriculum and considered a core part of the student’s experience.
Applying for Work Authorization as an International Student
Once you decide to pursue employment as an international student, it is time to take the next step and get authorized. Some administrative hurdles are to be expected, although these largely depend on whether you seek on or off-campus employment.
With on-campus jobs, the process is relatively simple: Inform the DSO of the job opportunity, verify your eligibility with the DSO, and if employed, be sure to stick with 20 hours or fewer of work per week (during the school session).
Steps to Apply for OPT and CPT
If you hope to land an off-campus job after completing the first year of your academic program, you would need to secure authorization from USCIS. Prior to applying for OPT or CPT, determine which program fits best with your academic and professional plans.
If you opt for CPT, you may work with your DSO to determine how the position in question aligns with your academic program. If you secure approval from the DSO, this will be reflected in a redesigned Form I-20.
The work authorization process may be more in-depth for OPT. First, you need a recommendation from your DSO. Next, complete Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization) and submit passport photos along with a copy of Form I-20. Additionally, it is important to understand that for OPT, students can apply up to 90 days before completing their academic program, and should therefore do so early due to processing times.
You may need to wait several months before your application is approved — but if you succeed, you will receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
Understanding the Application Process for Economic Hardship Employment
Some F-1 students face significant financial hardships and may need to work more hours than allowed through conventional student visa programs. This could occur in response to lost financial aid (through no fault of the student), as a result of unforeseen medical expenses, or in response to significant increases in tuition. In these scenarios, students may seek severe economic hardship authorizations. These are available to select F-1 students in good academic standing. Economic Hardship Employment is a separate category from OPT and CPT, and has specific eligibility requirements.
Upon confirming eligibility, you may apply for work authorization by consulting with your DSO, who may update your Form I-20 along with your Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) record. As with OPT, this authorization calls for a completed Form I-765, but with an adjustment: adding the code ‘c 3 iii’ to indicate severe economic hardship.
Strategies for Successful Job Hunting in the U.S.
No matter what type of job you seek, it is ideal to define your goals early on so that you are purposeful about this process. Determine which positions would enhance your academic experience and prepare you for success in the workplace.
Resume and Cover Letter Tips for International Students
As you apply for various on or off-campus jobs, you will need to submit carefully drafted resumes and cover letters. These should be adapted based on the job in question and should reflect the most relevant skills or experiences.
Craft a concise resume, highlighting contact information, your college program, previous jobs, and impactful academic projects. International students should consider highlighting their unique perspectives and language skills as potential assets. Your cover letter should expand on the information in your resume, revealing why you are the best person for the job and what exactly you could bring to that position.
Leveraging Your Network and University Career Services
As an international student, you may have a broader network than you realize. Fellow students can provide a wealth of information, as can advisors, instructors, and numerous other knowledgeable individuals. Make the most of these contacts, and do not hesitate to let them know your intentions for finding work.
Be sure to visit your college’s career services center (such as the Center for Career and Professional Development at Post University) to learn more about available job opportunities and seek help with resume drafting and other job-searching essentials.
Navigating U.S. Tax Obligations for International Student Employees
International students who work in the U.S. may be required to pay taxes. However, this largely depends on residency status. As an international student, you would likely be exempt from paying Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes — but if you work, you will almost certainly have other tax obligations.
Overview of Tax Responsibilities
If you have an F-1 visa, you may be deemed a nonresident alien for tax purposes. As such, you must file Form 1040-NR (Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return). Be prepared to report all income earned through on-campus positions, CPT, or OPT. Additionally, even if you do not earn income, you may still need to file Form 8843 to report your presence in the U.S. State taxes may also apply and students are encouraged to consult a tax advisor early to understand your tax responsibilities.
Resources for Tax Assistance and Compliance
Thankfully, there are many resources available to help international students navigate the filing process. Tax assistance may be available through your college, but you can also make the most of tax software. Some programs are even specially designed to meet the needs of nonresident aliens. However, international students should consider working with a tax professional such as a certified public accountant (CPA) to ensure you understand your tax responsibilities.
Maintaining Legal Status While Employed in the U.S.
To maintain legal status under a student visa, take extra care to abide by strict regulations. With employment, this means following all necessary steps to secure authorization, plus resisting the temptation to work more than 20 hours per week.
Balancing Work and Study Requirements
The programs highlighted above place clear restrictions on the number of hours worked while enrolled in college, especially during each school session. In most cases, employment is limited to 20 hours per week while enrolled in courses. Such limitations could be advantageous, however, as this makes it easier to juggle a busy schedule while continuing to dedicate enough time to rigorous coursework. If you begin to feel overwhelmed, consider scaling back your work hours.
Renewing Your Visa and Employment Authorization
It is possible for student visas to expire; if this occurs, a renewal may be necessary. The same is true of employment authorizations. If international students plan to travel outside the US and re-enter the US they should consult with their DSO. To renew your visa, you may need to work with your DSO to update Form I-20 and complete an extension request with USCIS. To secure an OPT extension, you should submit Form I-765. CPT renewals may be secured by working with your DSO.
Embrace International Opportunities With Post University
At Post University, we are excited to welcome students from all around the world to our close-knit campus community. We offer a range of resources for international students, including assistance with securing jobs for international students in the USA. Reach out today to learn more.
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Please note jobs and/or career outcomes highlighted in this blog do not reflect jobs or career outcomes expected from any Post program. To learn more about Post’s programs and their outcomes, please fill out a form to speak with an admissions advisor.